WEEKS 5 & 6 ( till 6 NOV)

Dear All!
Hope you did well in the exam and enjoyed the break. We will start the new module called JOB SEEKING this week.

Module 4a
Functions: Obligation, prohibition, strong advice, threat, warning, regret, disapproval, possibility, certainty and criticism.
Making deductions in the present/future and in the past
Talking about work-related situations
Structures: Modals (must/have to/need,should/ought to/had better)
Modals II (may/might/could, must/can't)
Vocabulary: 

advise	at last	career break	creature
delighted	eager	encourage	enthusiastic
fairly	greet	income	interact
motivated	on one’s mind	overtime	plenty of
principal	résumé	rewarding	rise
sanctuary	sleepless	somehow	staff
applicant	careless	Earn a living	get fired
hire	knowledge	position	previous
qualifications	quit	raise (n)	react
tell smb off

Collocations with 'make'

make a decision/guess

make a difference

make a good/bad expression

make a mistake

make a suggestion/an arrangement

make an effort

make plans

make sense

make the most of smt.

make up one's mind

Collocations with 'do'

do a project

do an experiment

do as you please

do business

do my hair

do one's best

do research

do smb. a favor

do some exercise

do well/badly

Phrases

I didn't mean to....
I don't have any excuses for my behavior
I would strong advise you to...
That was thoughtless of you
That wasn't very wise of
Why on Earth did you do that?

What are modal verbs?

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions.
Here are some characteristics of modal verbs:

• They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...
• They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)
• They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability

List of modal verbs

Here is a list of modal verbs:

can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must

The verbs or expressions dare, ought to, had better, and need not behave like modal auxiliaries to a large extent and my be added to the above list

Use of modal verbs:

Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:

1. Permission
2. Ability
3. Obligation
4. Prohibition
5. Lack of necessity
6. Advice
7. possibility
8. probability

Examples of modal verbs

Here is a list of modals with examples:

Modal Verb	Expressing	Example
must	Strong obligation	You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
	logical conclusion / Certainty	He must be very tired. He's been working all day long.
must not	prohibition	You must not smoke in the hospital.
can	ability	I can swim.
	permission	Can I use your phone please?
	possibility	Smoking can cause cancer.
could	ability in the past	When I was younger I could run fast.
	polite permission	Excuse me, could I just say something?
	possibility	It could rain tomorrow!
may	permission	May I use your phone please?
	possibility, probability	It may rain tomorrow!
might	polite permission	Might I suggest an idea?
	possibility, probability	I might go on holiday to Australia next year.
need not	lack of necessity/absence of obligation	I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge.
should/ought to	50 % obligation	I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.
	advice	You should / ought to revise your lessons
	logical conclusion	He should / ought to be very tired. He's been working all day long.
had better	advice	You 'd better revise your lessons

Remember

Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the bare infinitive.

Examples:

• You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
• You should see to the doctor.
• There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.

Modals in the present and past

Generally speaking modals in the past have the following form:

• modal + have + past participle

Example:

• Present:
  You should see a doctor.
• Past:
  You should have seen a doctor

Except for modals that express obligation,ability and lack of necessity:

• Obligation:
  Present = I must / have to work hard. -- Past = I had to work hard.
• Ability:
  Present = I can run fast. -- Past = I could run fast when I was young.
• Lack of necessity:
  Present = You don't have to / needn't take your umbrella. -- Past = You didn't have to / didn't need to take your umbrella.

	Modals in the Present	Modals in the Past
Obligation	You must / have to stop when the traffic lights are red.	You had to stop.
Advice	You should see a doctor.	You should have seen a doctor
Prohibition	You mustn't smoke here.	You mustn't have smoked there.
Ability	I can run fast.	I could run fast. now I am old.
Certainty	He has a Rolls Royce. He must be very rich. He can't be American. His English is terrible.	He must have been rich. He had a big house and an expensive car. He can't have written that poem. He was illiterate.
Permission	Can I go out?	She could drive her father's car when she was only 15.
Possibility	It may / can / could / might rain. It's cloudy.	I guess it may / can / could / might have been Lacy on the phone.
Lack of necessity	You don't have to / needn't buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge.	You didn't have to / didn't need to buy tomatoes.

What's the difference between must and have to?

Must and have to are modal verbs in English. 

Must

1. We use must to make a logical deduction based on evidence. It indicates that the speaker is certain about something:
Examples:

• It has rained all day, it must be very wet outside.
• The weather is fantastic in California. It must a lot fun to live there.

2. Must is also used to express a strong obligation.
Examples:

• Students must arrive in class on time.
• You must stop when the traffic lights are red.
• I must go to bed.

Have to

Like must, have to is used to express strong obligation, but when we use have to there is usually a sense of external obligation. Some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
Examples:

• I have to send an urgent email.
• I have to take this book back to the library.

Modals(explanation) (1) from hacersivil

Modals rewrite from hacersivil

Perfect modals-deduction-rewrite from hacersivil

Language Plus

income (n): money that sb. receives for their work, or from investments or business	salary (n): money that employees receive for doing their job, especially professional employees or people working in an office, usually paid every month.
hire (v): to employ sb. to do a particular job for you.	rent (v): to regularly pay money to the owner of smt. in order to have and use it for a long period of time.
position (n): employment for which one has been hired	job (n): the work sb. does in order to earn money; employment
knowledge (n): the information, understanding and skills that you gain through education or experience	experience (n): the knowledge and skill that you have gained through doing something for a period of time

Exercises

Modal Verbs Exercises

Present and Past Modals
Exercise on Modals

Module 4b

Functions: Expressing possibility and probability/ Asking for and giving information
Vocabulary:

Apart from that	argument	Bulletin board	By mistake
candidate	delete	Give a talk	Internship
Job fair	Match	Promote-Promotion	Registration

Phrases:

I bet...
I doubt it
It's hard to say...
It's probable that...
It's very (un)likely that..
My guess is...

WEEK 4 (19- 24 OCTOBER)

Dear All!

This new module is divided into two parts like the other modules.

Module 3a: Gobetrotting

Functions: Linking the past with the present & Talking about the travelling experiences
Structures: Present Perfect Simple, Past Simple, and Present Perfect Progressive
Vocabulary:

accommodations	achievement	adventurer
attempt (n,v)	benefit	brave
circle	complete	courage
crew	cruise	despite
development	entire	excursion
expedition	globetrotter	hitchhiking
hold the record	journey	prove
remarkable	sail	set sail
succeed	unfamiliar	voyage
wear smt out

TRAVEL  -  TRIP  -  JOURNEY  -  TOUR  -  VOYAGE

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The explanations should help clarify the meaning and use of vocabulary related to travel.

Travel	The word 'travel' is used to talk about going from one place to another. It can be a verb, a noun or an adjective : Verb :        Paul travels a lot in his job. Noun :       Travel nowadays is faster than before. Adjective : There is a travel agency beside the bank.
Trip	The word trip is used to talk about a short journey somewhere for a purpose, business or pleasure. For our wedding anniversary, we went on a trip to Venice. My boss is often away on business trips. During our holiday we took a boat trip to the islands.
Journey	A journey is the distance covered when travelling from one place to another. 'Journey' can refer to a long distance or a short regular one. The journey was long and tiring. It took us 5 hours to get there. Did you have a good journey? Yes, it was quite pleasant. How long is your journey to work? Just about 20 minutes.
Tour	A tour is a journey during which several places are visited, especially on a holiday. 'Tour' can be a noun or a verb. Noun : We went on a tour of Italy. Verb :  We toured the north of India.
Voyage	A voyage is a long journey by sea or in space. Before the 20th century, long sea voyages were common. A spacecraft will take you on a voyage through space.

For further practice click here.

Present Perfect Simple or Continuous

Often there is very little difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous. In many cases, both are equally acceptable.

• They've been working here for a long time but Andy has worked here for even longer.
• I've lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years.

To emphasize the action, we use the continuous form.

• We've been working really hard for a couple of months.
• She's been having a hard time.

To emphasize the result of the action, we use the simple form.

• I've made fifteen phone calls this morning.
• He's written a very good report.

Look at the difference in these examples.

• I've been reading this book for two months but I've only read half of it. It's very difficult to read.
• She's been trying to convince him for 20 minutes but she hasn't managed to yet.
• They've been talking about this for month and they still haven't found a solution.

When an action is finished and you can see the results, use the continuous form.

• The phone bill is enormous. You've been calling your boyfriend in Australia, haven't you?
• You're red in the face. Have you been running?

When you use the words 'ever' or 'never', use the simple form.

• I don't know them. I've never met them.
• Have you ever heard anything so strange in your life

For further practice: Present Perfect Simple vs  Present Perfect Progressive

ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB

THE DIFFERENCE

An adjective tells us more about a noun. Example: an expensive car, a clever girl An adverb tells us more about a verb. Example: He talked nervously.

HOW TO FORM THE ADVERB

Adjective + ly

sad	sadly	quiet	quietly
nervous	nervously	soft	softly

Adjectives ending in -y »»» ily

happy

happily

angry

angrily

Adjectives ending in -le »»» ly

terrible

terribly

capable

capably

Adjectives ending in -ly

friendly	in a friendly way / manner	daily	daily
lively	in a lively way / manner	early	early
lonely	in a lonely way / manner	monthly	monthly
lovely	in a lovely way / manner	weekly	weekly
silly	in a silly way / manner	yearly	yearly

Irregular forms

good	well	low	low
fast	fast	straight	straight
hard	hard	extra	extra
long	long	doubtless	doubtless

Double forms

hard	hard	hardly
near	near	nearly
late	late	lately

HOW TO USE THE ADVERB

Verb + adverb

The adverb describes a verb.

Example:	He	drove	carefully.
		verb	adverb
	She	sold	her	house	quickly
		verb			adverb

Adjective + adverb

The adverb describes an adjective.

Example:	Her	necklace	was	horribly	expensive.
				adverb	adjective
		She	was	terribly	sorry.
				adverb	adjective

Adverb + adverb

The adverb describes an adverb.

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Example:	They	played	terribly	badly.
			adverb	adverb
	He did his homework		absolutely	correctly.
			adverb	adverb

No adverb with the following verbs

Forms of to be:

am, is, are, was, were, have been, had been, will be

seem, get, turn, grow, sound, feel, taste, become, smell, look Comparative/superlative Comparative is the name for the grammar used when comparing two things. The two basic ways to compare are using as .. as or than. Examples of each are shown below: She's twice as old as her sister. He's not as stupid as he looks! I'm almost as good in maths as in science. This book is not as exciting as the last one. The cafeteria is not as crowded as usual. Russian is not quite as difficult as Chinese. This computer is better than that one. She's stronger at chess than I am. It's much colder today than it was yesterday. Our car is bigger than your car. This grammar topic is easier than most others. I find science more difficult than mathematics. Today's ESL lesson was more interesting than usual. Note: In each of the example sentences above, the comparative form of the adjective is shown. See the foot of this page for information about the comparison of adverbs. When comparing with as .. as, the adjective does not change. When comparing with than, however, some changes are necessary, depending on the number of syllables the adjective has: 1-syllable adjectives: add -er to the adjective My sister is much taller than me.† It's colder today than it was yesterday. Note: If the word ends: consonant-vowel-consonant, then the last consonant is usually doubled in the comparative. Examples: big-bigger, fat-fatter, hot-hotter. 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y: change the -y to -ier She's looking happier today. This grammar topic is easier than the last one. Why is everyone else luckier than me? † Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs ending in -y must be compared with the word more. Example: I drive more quickly (quicklier) than my brother. Other 2-syllable adjectives: use more with the unchanged adjective The shops are always more crowded just before Christmas. Is there anything more boring than reading about grammar? My sister is more careful with her writing than I am with mine. Note: The comparative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with -er. Examples:simple-simpler, clever-cleverer, narrow-narrower. To be sure which comparative method to use, you will need to consult a good dictionary. Adjectives with 3 or more syllables: use more with the unchanged adjective Russian grammar is more difficult than English grammar. My sister is much more intelligent than me.† I find maths lessons more enjoyable than science lessons. The older you get, the more irritating you become. In the superlative you talk about one thing only and how it is the best, worst, etc. You do not compare two things. The following guidelines apply to the superlative: 1-syllable adjectives: add -est to the adjective (plus the) My sister is the tallest in our family. Yesterday was the coldest day of the year so far. Note: If the word ends: consonant-vowel-consonant, then the last consonant is usually doubled in the superlative. Examples: big-biggest, fat-fattest, hot-hottest. 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y: change the -y to -iest (plus the) The richest people are not always the happiest. Which do you think is the easiest language to learn? She's the luckiest person I know. Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs ending in -y form their superlative with the words the most. Example: Of all the people I know my father drives the most quickly (quickliest). Other 2-syllable adjectives: use the most with the unchanged adjective The most boring thing about ESL class is doing grammar exercises. My sister is the most careful person I know. Note: The superlative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with -er. Examples:simple-simplest, clever-cleverest, narrow-narrowest. To be sure which superlative method to use, you will need to consult a good dictionary. Adjectives with 3 or more syllables: use the most with the unchanged adjective Some people think that Russian is the most difficult language. Albert Einstein was the most intelligent person in history. My most enjoyable class is English. You are the most irritating person I have ever met! Following are two common irregular comaparative/superlative forms: good-better-the best bad-worse-the worst The following guidelines apply to the comparative/superlative of most adverbs: 1-syllable adverbs: add -er/-est I can run faster than you. / I can run the fastest in my class. She works harder than me.† / She works the hardest of all students. Other adverbs: use more / the most* She ran more quickly than me.† / Of all the students she ran the most quickly. * In informal English it is common to hear the adjectival comparative/superlative form of two-syllable adverbs. For example: She ran quicker than me.† | She ran the quickest. † Many educated English speakers prefer to use the nominative plus a verb rather than the accusative in such comparative sentences, especially in formal situations. They say, for example,My sister is taller than I am. or She ran more quickly than I did.The alternative, omitting the verb as in the following examples, is considered to be even more formal and is avoided by most British English speakers: My sister is taller than I. or She ran more quickly than I. Vocabulary Accommodate- Accommodation Connect - Connection Inexpensive Achieve- Achievement Describe- Description Insurance Advertise- Advertisement Destination Introduce- Introduction Announce- Announcement Develop On board Apply- Application Exotic Present (v) Campground Explain- Explanation Reserve- Reservation Cancel-Cancelation Explore- Exploration Scenery Confirm- Confirmation Improve- Improvement Stress-free Transport - Transportation Wildlife Module 3b Functions: Talking about technology Vocabulary:  access (v) anxious bargain come across come up count on delay do without smt. domestic flight fed up with flexible frequent handy hassle legal x illegal impressed interactive landmark leisure offline once (smt. happens) record (v) schedule store struggle unique update upload PART 1: WRITING Read the article on page 34 and answer the questions. Then, read the note on page 35 and complete the exercise. Have a look at the exercise in E, follow the TIP on page 134 and write an article. PART 2: REVIEW- Complete the Review section on page 36 PART 3: WORKBOOK - Complete the exercises in Module 3 in your workbook. Have a nice weekend....