26 Kasım 2015 Perşembe

WEEK 9

Dear All!

Thank you very much for the lovely flowers ...

Hopefully your ME2 passed well.

We have just started Module 7: H20

Function: Narrating Past events & sequencing past actions and events

The extract taken from Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea was written by Jules Gabriel Vernes, who was a French novalist, poet, and playwright. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea is a classic science-fiction novel published in 1870. It tells the story of Captain Nemo and his submarine Nautilus from the perspective of Proffessor Pierre Aronnax, a noted French marine biologist.

Structures: Past Perfect Simple & Past Perfect Progressive

Past perfect(oceans-eleven) from hacersivil

We use the verb had and the past participle for the past perfect:

I had finished the work.
She had gone .

The past perfect continuous is formed with had been and the -ing form of the verb:

I had been finishing the work
She had been going.

The past perfect is used in the same way as the present perfect, but it refers to a time in the past, not the present.

We use the past perfect tense:

for something that started in the past and continued up to a given time in the past:

When George died he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years.
She didn’t want to move. She had lived in Liverpool all her life.

We normally use the past perfect continuous for this:

She didn’t want to move. She had been living in Liverpool all her life.
Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.

for something we had done several times up to a point in the past and continued to do after that point:

He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager.
He had written three books and he was working on another one.
I had been watching the programme every week, but I missed the last episode.

We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:

They had been staying with us since the previous week.
I was sorry when the factory closed. I had worked there since I left school.
I had been watching that programme every week since it started, but I missed the last episode.

when we are reporting our experience and including up to the (then) present:

My eighteenth birthday was the worst day I had ever had.
I was pleased to meet George. I hadn’t met him before, even though I had met his wife several times.

for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of reporting:

I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost my keys.
Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping.

We use the past perfect to talk about the past in conditions, hypotheses and wishes:

I would have helped him if he had asked.
It was very dangerous. What if you had got lost?
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.

Exercise 1
Exercise 2

Vocabulary:

companion	myth	tentacle	beak
oversized	Stare at	enormous	overcome
lieutenant	overhear	squid	entangle
propeller	hatchet	grab	head
harpoon	gigantic	struggle	blinded
Gaze at	repair	Be about to	attack
beast	feather	For an instant	force (n)
order (n)	repair	rush	surface
swallow	tears	violence	weapon

Phrases:

I can't say for sure but...

I have no doubt that..

I'm absolutely certain

I'm very/fairly/completely confident that...

It seems unbelievable but...

I could be wrong but I believe...

I know for a fact that...

I suppose...

I'm positive...

ARTICLES

'a/an': We use 'a/an' before singular countable nouns when we mention them for the first time or when we don't refer to a specific item.

a + consonant sounds: a desk, a European country....
an + vowel sounds: an apple, an egg, an hour,...

'the': It is used before uncountable nouns and countable nouns in the singular and the plural.

1- before something specific or already mentioned.
eg: I have to go to the dentist
I bought two T-shirts and a dress. The dress is white.

2- for things that are unique.
eg: The sun heats the Earth.
the earth
the human race
the world
the moon
the sun
the universe

3- for things that are defined.
eg: The house which is next to ours is 300 years old.

4- with the superlative of adjectives/adverbs.
eg: Doğa is the best student of all.

5- before names of seas, oceans, rivers, canals, coasts, gulfs, deserts, groups of islands, mountain ranges and countries in plural, contain an adjective, or include "of".
eg: The Black Sea, the Alps, the USA, the Gulf of Mexico, the Republic of Congo,....

6- before nationalities when we refer to the whole nation.
eg: The Chinese invented paper thousands of years ago.

7- before people's last names when we refer to the whole family.
eg: The Sevims came to see us last night.

8- with buildings: hotels, restaurants, theaters, museums, institutions.
eg: the Hilton, the Pasta House, the National Theater, the Museum of Modern Art, the British Council...

9- with newspapers, services and organizations.
eg: the Hürriyet, the police, the United Nations...

10- with adjectives referring to classes of people.
eg: the old, the blind, the poor

11- before musical instruments.
eg: My son plays the drums.

12- Ordinal numbers (1st,2nd,3rd) use "the"
eg: The Second World War, the seventh page, the first chapter, the first mission, the fifth paragraph, the sixth channel.....

13- When a title is used without a name, use "the"
eg: The president, the queen, the professor....

14- Schools: When a school has "of" in its title, use "the"
eg: The University of Arizona, The University of London, Chapter 2....

15- Location versus Activity: When referring to the location, use "the"
eg: The meeting is at the school. (location-campus)
They are remodeling the movie theater. (location-building)
The new student had trouble finding the class. (location-classroom)

16- Part of a larger group,
eg: One of the students, None of the students, Both of the students, All of the students......

Don't use 'the'

1- before countable or uncountable nouns which refer to something general or not mentioned before.
eg: He loves chocolate, Whales are mammals.

2- before names of people, streets, cities, countries, continents, islands and nountains.
eg: Mount Everest, Hacer Şivil, Park Street, Italy, ....

3-before the days of the week and months.
eg: on Monday, in June....

4- Before names of squares, parks, lakes, and falls.
eg: Taksim Square, Central Park, Niagara Falls...

5- before names of magazines, sports, games, colors, school subjects, and languages.
eg: Newsweek, tennis, bingo, blue, Math, Spanish

6- with meals
eg: What did you have for breakfast?
But:When we talk about a specific meal, we use 'the'. eg: I didn't enjoy the dinner on the plane.

7- before the words bed, court, home, prison, school, college, work when they are used for the purpose for which they exist.
eg: Thomas went to collage to study engineering.

8- Cardinal numbers(1,2,3) use nothing
World War 2
Page 7
Chapter 1
Mission 1
Paragraph 5
Channel 6

9- Titles of People: When a title is given with a name, use nothing
eg: President Mitchael, Queen Mary, Professor Scott

10- When a school does not have "of" in its title, use nothing
eg: Lincoln High School, Arizona State University, Liverpool John Moores University

11- Location versus Activity: When referring to an activity, use nothing
eg: I am going to school now.(activity-study)
He is always on time for class. (activity-learn)

Exercise

1- Complete 7a in your workbook....

2- Imagine that you were late for the given occasion. Describe what had happened before you arrived. Write a paragraph on an A4-size paper and submit it on Monday.

Occassion:

A football match

A reunion party

A picnic

A cinema

A lesson

Have a nice weekend....

16 Kasım 2015 Pazartesi

WEEK 8

Dear All,

There are several different ways in English that you can talk about the future:

- Predictions/statements of fact
- Intentions
- Arrangements
- Scheduled events

Predictions/statements of fact

The auxiliary verb will is used in making predictions or simple statements of fact about the future.

The sun will rise at 6.30 tomorrow.
Lunch break today will be 10 minutes longer than usual.
In the year 2050 all students will have their own computers in school.
If you help me, I will help you.
Do you think she will come soon?
You won't pass your exams if you don't start working harder.
I know my parents won't let me go to the party.
Will it snow for Christmas?
I know she's sick, but will she be back in school tomorrow?

Intentions

The auxiliary verb going to is used in talking about intentions. (An intention is a plan for the future that you have already thought about.)

We're going to buy a new car next month.
I'm going to work in a bank when I leave school.
In the new year I'm going to stop eating so much junk.
He's not going to go to the dance. He's got too much work.
I'm not going to watch TV until my science project is finished.
Are you going to play basketball after school?
What are you going to have for lunch today?

Note: going to is often used in the past tense to talk about an unfulfilled intention. Examples: I was going to study for my grammar test, but I had no time. / He was going to call you, but he couldn't find his mobile phone. / My grandmother was going to visit us, but she fell and broke her arm.

Arrangements

The present continuous tense is used in talking about arrangements. (An arrangement is is a plan for the future that you have already thought about and discussed with someone else.)

I'm meeting my mother at the airport tomorrow.
Our grandparents are visiting us this Christmas.
Sorry, I can't stay after school today; I'm playing tennis with Jun-Sik.
My sister's going to the dentist tomorrow.
I'm not returning home for the holidays, so I can come to your party after all!
Are you doing anything on Sunday morning?
Do you know if he is going to the dance with Maiko next week?

Scheduled events

The present simple tense is usually used to refer to future events that are scheduled (and outside of our control).

Hurry up! The train departs in 10 minutes.
I leave Frankfurt at 5 o'clock in the morning and arrive in New York
She has an appointment with the headmaster after school today.
There's no need to hurry. The train doesn't leave for another 30 minutes.
When does the meeting begin?

Below is a list of some of the less common tenses, followed in each case by examples. Note that the continuous tenses convey the idea of an event or state going on for a period of time:

More tenses

Present perfect continuous

I have been working in the garden all day, and now I'm extremely tired.
She has been living in a one-room apartment since she left home.
How long have you been playing the piano?
He's been learning German for two years, but he still can't speak it very well.
We've been painting our house since last Friday, but we're still a long way from finishing.
We haven't been living in Germany very long.
Why are you sweating? Have you been running?

quiz

Past perfect continuous

I had been working in the garden all day, and all I wanted to do was sleep.
She had been living in a one-room apartment for a year before getting married.
How long had you been playing the piano before the accident with your hand?
He'd been learning German for two years, but he stopped when he returned to Japan.
We'd been painting our house for two weeks, but we were still a long way from finishing.

Future continuous

At this time next week I will be sitting in the plane on the way to New York.
Don't call me after 10 o'clock. I'll be sleeping.
If you want to see Miho tomorrow, you will have to go to the school. Shewill be taking a test all afternoon.
I won't be working on my car this weekend. My mother-in-law will be here.

Future perfect

I hope my mother will have finished cooking dinner by the time I get home.
You can come at 6 o'clock. I will have done my homework by then.
There's no point calling her at home. She will have left for work already.
On June 25 2020 they will have been married for 60 years.

Future perfect continuous

By the time I retire I will have been working here for 45 years!
If she reaches her 60th birthday, she will have been smoking for half a century!

quiz

Future forms from hacersivil

Prefixes: A prefix (affix) is a word, or letter(s) placed at the beginning of another word (a base word) to adjust or qualify its usage or meaning. The opposite of prefix is suffix.

un-
in-
il- (+ adj. starting with l)
ir- (+ adj. starting with r)
im- (+ adj. starting with m or p)

The Zero Conditional

We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the 'main clause'):

If + present simple, .... present simple.

This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main clause.

The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning.

For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts)

Here are some more examples:

If people eat too much, they get fat.
If you touch a fire, you get burned.
People die if they don't eat.
You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen.
Snakes bite if they are scared
If babies are hungry, they cry

The First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simplein the other clause:

if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

If it rains, I won't go to the park.
If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
She'll be late if the train is delayed.
She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
If I see her, I'll tell her.

First vs. Zero Conditional:

The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in general.

For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting)

But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen today, another day might be different)

The Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:

if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing).

It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).
If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

How is this different from the first conditional?

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)

Unless = If ..... not

Often when we are talking about present situations, we use unless instead of if...not.

Unless means except if or simply it means if...not.

Both of these examples have the same meaning and refer to the present time.

"You can't go on vacation unless you save some money."

"If you don't save some money, you can't go on vacation."

"You will feel cold if you don't wear a coat."

"You will feel cold unless you wear a coat."

Unless is good to use when it highlights an exception to what is generally true. In this example I only have one reason why i may be late: traffic (vehicles on the road):

"I'll arrive at 10am unless there is traffic."

"I'll arrive at 10am if there isn't traffic."

This next example shows us that sometimes the context can change and unless is not exactly interchangeable with if...not.

"I'll be annoyed if I do not arrive at 10am." - Being late will annoy me.

"I'll be annoyed unless I arrive at 10am." - The only thing that can stop me from being annoyed is arriving at 10am.

10 Kasım 2015 Salı

WEEK 7

Dear All,
In this unit, we firstly focused on Relative Clauses:

Relative Clauses

Defining and Non-defining

· Add one of the pieces of information below to each sentence.

· Add an appropriate relative pronoun.

· Put the relative clause in the right place in the sentence.

· Add commas if necessary.

-has almost 100 members -are growing in Seven Acre wood -is an aviation expert

-you don’t understand -is set in the centre of Turkey -started last month

-stand up all day in their job -caused so much damage in the city -I went to school with

-head office is in Istanbul -stole a car from outside the supermarket

1. The university table tennis club meets every weekday evening.

.........................................................................................................................................

2. People often suffer from backache.

.........................................................................................................................................

3. Professor Brian Wright was asked to comment on the latest helicopter crash.

.........................................................................................................................................

4. The airline has recently started flights between Istanbul and New York.

.........................................................................................................................................

5. The strike by train drivers is costing the country over ₤1 million per week.

.........................................................................................................................................

6. The trees are being destroyed by a strange disease.

.........................................................................................................................................

7. Go through the passage and mark the words.

.........................................................................................................................................

8. The police are looking for two boys aged about 14.

.........................................................................................................................................

9. Bill Stravingham’s new film is his best yet.

.........................................................................................................................................

10. My friend has just gone to live in Ankara.

.........................................................................................................................................

11. The hurricane has now headed out to sea.

Answer Key

Relative Clauses

Defining and Non-defining

1. The university table tennis club meets every weekday evening.

, which has almost 100 members, - Non-defining - commas...........................................

2. People often suffer from backache.

who/that stand up all day in their job - Defining – no commas......................................

3. Professor Brian Wright was asked to comment on the latest helicopter crash.

, who is an aviation expert, - Non-defining - commas.....................................................

4. The airline has recently started flights between Istanbul and New York.

whose head office is in Istanbul - Defining – no commas..............................................

5. The strike by train drivers is costing the country over ₤1 million per week.

, which started last month, - Non-defining - commas.....................................................

6. The trees are being destroyed by a strange disease.

which/that are growing in Seven Acre wood - Defining – no commas..........................

7. Go through the passage and mark the words.

which/that you don’t understand - Defining – no commas............................................

8. The police are looking for two boys aged about 14.

who stole a car from outside the supermarket - Defining – no commas.........................

9. Bill Stravingham’s new film is his best yet.

, which is set in the centre of Turkey, - Non-defining - commas....................................

10. My friend has just gone to live in Ankara.

who/that I went to school with - Defining – no commas...............................................

11. The hurricane has now headed out to sea.

, which caused so much damage in the city, - Non-defining - commas..........................

Relative clauses from hacersivil

Whistling Languages in Kuşköy

Unit 5a
Vocabulary

Accidentally	Mystery	whistle	Foreigner
Beneficial	Origin	Wide-widely	Gesture
Commonplace	Pass down	yell	Hill-hilly
Compulsory	Pick smt up (learn)	Separate	Mist-misty
Effective	Rare	Speech	Mountain-mountainous
Take control	Take over	valley

Collocations with 'tell'

tell a joke tell a lie tell a secret tell a story

tell the difference tell the truth tell time

Collocations with 'say'

say hello say so say sorry say smt. say thank you say yes

Unit 5b

Function: Understanding the warning sign / Saying whether smt is permitted or not /Asking for and giving directions/ Asking for clarification and repetition/ Asking if you have been understood

Vocabulary:

Against the law	At all times	Be located	Be supposed to
behave	Beware of	caution	Circle
Construction worker	Evacuate- evacuation	exit	Fire extinguisher
handle	hazard	In case of	In progress
Keep off	Keep out	manner	notify
obtain	Own-owner	Permit-permission	Protect-protection-protective
qualified	required	Strictly forbidden	suspicious
unaffected	Warn-warning	wave	shift
Get off (work)	Ice-cream parlor	seminar

In this unit, we also revised some phrases to ask for directions, ask for clarification and repetition, give directions, and ask if you have been understood. Please check these phrases in your book on pages 54 and 55.

1- Complete Unite 5 in your Work Book

2- Complete Review 5 on page 56 in your Student Book

3- Imagine Beate sent you the e-mail on page 55. Look at the map in exercise D or use a different map. Write a reply using your own ideas and phrases. Remember to use directions in your letter. Use the plan below:

An Informal E-mail Plan

Greeting: Greet the person you are writing to

Opening Paragraph: Begin your e-mail and say why you're writing

Main Part (1-3 paragraphs): Mention everything you want to include in your e-mail.

Closing Paragraph: State anything you want to emphasize and end your email.

Use a signature ending and your first name below that.

Have a nice weekend....