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We have just started Module 7: H20
Function: Narrating Past events & sequencing past actions and events
The extract taken from Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea was written by Jules Gabriel Vernes, who was a French novalist, poet, and playwright. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea is a classic science-fiction novel published in 1870. It tells the story of Captain Nemo and his submarine Nautilus from the perspective of Proffessor Pierre Aronnax, a noted French marine biologist.
Structures: Past Perfect Simple & Past Perfect Progressive
We use the verb had and the past participle for the past perfect:
I had finished the work.
She had gone .
She had gone .
The past perfect continuous is formed with had been and the -ing form of the verb:
I had been finishing the work
She had been going.
She had been going.
The past perfect is used in the same way as the present perfect, but it refers to a time in the past, not the present.
We use the past perfect tense:
- for something that started in the past and continued up to a given time in the past:
When George died he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years.
She didn’t want to move. She had lived in Liverpool all her life.
She didn’t want to move. She had lived in Liverpool all her life.
We normally use the past perfect continuous for this:
She didn’t want to move. She had been living in Liverpool all her life.
Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.
Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.
- for something we had done several times up to a point in the past and continued to do after that point:
He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager.
He had written three books and he was working on another one.
I had been watching the programme every week, but I missed the last episode.
He had written three books and he was working on another one.
I had been watching the programme every week, but I missed the last episode.
We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:
They had been staying with us since the previous week.
I was sorry when the factory closed. I had worked there since I left school.
I had been watching that programme every week since it started, but I missed the last episode.
I was sorry when the factory closed. I had worked there since I left school.
I had been watching that programme every week since it started, but I missed the last episode.
- when we are reporting our experience and including up to the (then) present:
My eighteenth birthday was the worst day I had ever had.
I was pleased to meet George. I hadn’t met him before, even though I had met his wife several times.
I was pleased to meet George. I hadn’t met him before, even though I had met his wife several times.
- for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of reporting:
I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost my keys.
Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping.
Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping.
We use the past perfect to talk about the past in conditions, hypotheses and wishes:
I would have helped him if he had asked.
It was very dangerous. What if you had got lost?
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.
Exercise 1It was very dangerous. What if you had got lost?
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.
Exercise 2
Vocabulary:
companion
|
myth
|
tentacle
|
beak
|
oversized
|
Stare at
|
enormous
|
overcome
|
lieutenant
|
overhear
|
squid
|
entangle
|
propeller
|
hatchet
|
grab
|
head
|
harpoon
|
gigantic
|
struggle
|
blinded
|
Gaze at
|
repair
|
Be about to
|
attack
|
beast
|
feather
|
For an instant
|
force (n)
|
order (n)
|
repair
|
rush
|
surface
|
swallow
|
tears
|
violence
|
weapon
|
Phrases:
I can't say for sure but...
I have no doubt that..
I'm absolutely certain
I'm very/fairly/completely confident that...
It seems unbelievable but...
I could be wrong but I believe...
I know for a fact that...
I suppose...
I'm positive...
ARTICLES
'a/an': We use 'a/an' before singular countable nouns when we mention them for the first time or when we don't refer to a specific item.
a + consonant sounds: a desk, a European country....
an + vowel sounds: an apple, an egg, an hour,...
'the': It is used before uncountable nouns and countable nouns in the singular and the plural.
1- before something specific or already mentioned.
eg: I have to go to the dentist
I bought two T-shirts and a dress. The dress is white.
2- for things that are unique.
eg: The sun heats the Earth.
the earth
the human race
the world
the moon
the sun
the universe
3- for things that are defined.
eg: The house which is next to ours is 300 years old.
4- with the superlative of adjectives/adverbs.
eg: Doğa is the best student of all.
5- before names of seas, oceans, rivers, canals, coasts, gulfs, deserts, groups of islands, mountain ranges and countries in plural, contain an adjective, or include "of".
eg: The Black Sea, the Alps, the USA, the Gulf of Mexico, the Republic of Congo,....
6- before nationalities when we refer to the whole nation.
eg: The Chinese invented paper thousands of years ago.
7- before people's last names when we refer to the whole family.
eg: The Sevims came to see us last night.
8- with buildings: hotels, restaurants, theaters, museums, institutions.
eg: the Hilton, the Pasta House, the National Theater, the Museum of Modern Art, the British Council...
9- with newspapers, services and organizations.
eg: the Hürriyet, the police, the United Nations...
10- with adjectives referring to classes of people.
eg: the old, the blind, the poor
11- before musical instruments.
eg: My son plays the drums.
12- Ordinal numbers (1st,2nd,3rd) use "the"
eg: The Second World War, the seventh page, the first chapter, the first mission, the fifth paragraph, the sixth channel.....
13- When a title is used without a name, use "the"
eg: The president, the queen, the professor....
14- Schools: When a school has "of" in its title, use "the"
eg: The University of Arizona, The University of London, Chapter 2....
15- Location versus Activity: When referring to the location, use "the"
eg: The meeting is at the school. (location-campus)
They are remodeling the movie theater. (location-building)
The new student had trouble finding the class. (location-classroom)
16- Part of a larger group,
eg: One of the students, None of the students, Both of the students, All of the students......
Don't use 'the'
1- before countable or uncountable nouns which refer to something general or not mentioned before.
eg: He loves chocolate, Whales are mammals.
2- before names of people, streets, cities, countries, continents, islands and nountains.
eg: Mount Everest, Hacer Şivil, Park Street, Italy, ....
3-before the days of the week and months.
eg: on Monday, in June....
4- Before names of squares, parks, lakes, and falls.
eg: Taksim Square, Central Park, Niagara Falls...
5- before names of magazines, sports, games, colors, school subjects, and languages.
eg: Newsweek, tennis, bingo, blue, Math, Spanish
6- with meals
eg: What did you have for breakfast?
But:When we talk about a specific meal, we use 'the'. eg: I didn't enjoy the dinner on the plane.
7- before the words bed, court, home, prison, school, college, work when they are used for the purpose for which they exist.
eg: Thomas went to collage to study engineering.
8- Cardinal numbers(1,2,3) use nothing
World War 2
Page 7
Chapter 1
Mission 1
Paragraph 5
Channel 6
9- Titles of People: When a title is given with a name, use nothing
eg: President Mitchael, Queen Mary, Professor Scott
10- When a school does not have "of" in its title, use nothing
eg: Lincoln High School, Arizona State University, Liverpool John Moores University
11- Location versus Activity: When referring to an activity, use nothing
eg: I am going to school now.(activity-study)
He is always on time for class. (activity-learn)
'a/an': We use 'a/an' before singular countable nouns when we mention them for the first time or when we don't refer to a specific item.
a + consonant sounds: a desk, a European country....
an + vowel sounds: an apple, an egg, an hour,...
'the': It is used before uncountable nouns and countable nouns in the singular and the plural.
1- before something specific or already mentioned.
eg: I have to go to the dentist
I bought two T-shirts and a dress. The dress is white.
2- for things that are unique.
eg: The sun heats the Earth.
the earth
the human race
the world
the moon
the sun
the universe
3- for things that are defined.
eg: The house which is next to ours is 300 years old.
4- with the superlative of adjectives/adverbs.
eg: Doğa is the best student of all.
5- before names of seas, oceans, rivers, canals, coasts, gulfs, deserts, groups of islands, mountain ranges and countries in plural, contain an adjective, or include "of".
eg: The Black Sea, the Alps, the USA, the Gulf of Mexico, the Republic of Congo,....
6- before nationalities when we refer to the whole nation.
eg: The Chinese invented paper thousands of years ago.
7- before people's last names when we refer to the whole family.
eg: The Sevims came to see us last night.
8- with buildings: hotels, restaurants, theaters, museums, institutions.
eg: the Hilton, the Pasta House, the National Theater, the Museum of Modern Art, the British Council...
9- with newspapers, services and organizations.
eg: the Hürriyet, the police, the United Nations...
10- with adjectives referring to classes of people.
eg: the old, the blind, the poor
11- before musical instruments.
eg: My son plays the drums.
12- Ordinal numbers (1st,2nd,3rd) use "the"
eg: The Second World War, the seventh page, the first chapter, the first mission, the fifth paragraph, the sixth channel.....
13- When a title is used without a name, use "the"
eg: The president, the queen, the professor....
14- Schools: When a school has "of" in its title, use "the"
eg: The University of Arizona, The University of London, Chapter 2....
15- Location versus Activity: When referring to the location, use "the"
eg: The meeting is at the school. (location-campus)
They are remodeling the movie theater. (location-building)
The new student had trouble finding the class. (location-classroom)
16- Part of a larger group,
eg: One of the students, None of the students, Both of the students, All of the students......
Don't use 'the'
1- before countable or uncountable nouns which refer to something general or not mentioned before.
eg: He loves chocolate, Whales are mammals.
2- before names of people, streets, cities, countries, continents, islands and nountains.
eg: Mount Everest, Hacer Şivil, Park Street, Italy, ....
3-before the days of the week and months.
eg: on Monday, in June....
4- Before names of squares, parks, lakes, and falls.
eg: Taksim Square, Central Park, Niagara Falls...
5- before names of magazines, sports, games, colors, school subjects, and languages.
eg: Newsweek, tennis, bingo, blue, Math, Spanish
6- with meals
eg: What did you have for breakfast?
But:When we talk about a specific meal, we use 'the'. eg: I didn't enjoy the dinner on the plane.
7- before the words bed, court, home, prison, school, college, work when they are used for the purpose for which they exist.
eg: Thomas went to collage to study engineering.
8- Cardinal numbers(1,2,3) use nothing
World War 2
Page 7
Chapter 1
Mission 1
Paragraph 5
Channel 6
9- Titles of People: When a title is given with a name, use nothing
eg: President Mitchael, Queen Mary, Professor Scott
eg: Lincoln High School, Arizona State University, Liverpool John Moores University
11- Location versus Activity: When referring to an activity, use nothing
eg: I am going to school now.(activity-study)
He is always on time for class. (activity-learn)
Exercise
Have a nice weekend....
1- Complete 7a in your workbook....
2- Imagine that you were late for the given occasion. Describe what had happened before you arrived. Write a paragraph on an A4-size paper and submit it on Monday.
Occassion:
A football match
A reunion party
A picnic
A cinema
A lesson
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