WEEKS 5 & 6 ( till 6 NOV)

Dear All!
Hope you did well in the exam and enjoyed the break. We will start the new module called JOB SEEKING this week.

Module 4a
Functions: Obligation, prohibition, strong advice, threat, warning, regret, disapproval, possibility, certainty and criticism.
Making deductions in the present/future and in the past
Talking about work-related situations
Structures: Modals (must/have to/need,should/ought to/had better)
Modals II (may/might/could, must/can't)
Vocabulary: 

advise	at last	career break	creature
delighted	eager	encourage	enthusiastic
fairly	greet	income	interact
motivated	on one’s mind	overtime	plenty of
principal	résumé	rewarding	rise
sanctuary	sleepless	somehow	staff
applicant	careless	Earn a living	get fired
hire	knowledge	position	previous
qualifications	quit	raise (n)	react
tell smb off

Collocations with 'make'

make a decision/guess

make a difference

make a good/bad expression

make a mistake

make a suggestion/an arrangement

make an effort

make plans

make sense

make the most of smt.

make up one's mind

Collocations with 'do'

do a project

do an experiment

do as you please

do business

do my hair

do one's best

do research

do smb. a favor

do some exercise

do well/badly

Phrases

I didn't mean to....
I don't have any excuses for my behavior
I would strong advise you to...
That was thoughtless of you
That wasn't very wise of
Why on Earth did you do that?

What are modal verbs?

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions.
Here are some characteristics of modal verbs:

• They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...
• They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)
• They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability

List of modal verbs

Here is a list of modal verbs:

can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must

The verbs or expressions dare, ought to, had better, and need not behave like modal auxiliaries to a large extent and my be added to the above list

Use of modal verbs:

Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:

1. Permission
2. Ability
3. Obligation
4. Prohibition
5. Lack of necessity
6. Advice
7. possibility
8. probability

Examples of modal verbs

Here is a list of modals with examples:

Modal Verb	Expressing	Example
must	Strong obligation	You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
	logical conclusion / Certainty	He must be very tired. He's been working all day long.
must not	prohibition	You must not smoke in the hospital.
can	ability	I can swim.
	permission	Can I use your phone please?
	possibility	Smoking can cause cancer.
could	ability in the past	When I was younger I could run fast.
	polite permission	Excuse me, could I just say something?
	possibility	It could rain tomorrow!
may	permission	May I use your phone please?
	possibility, probability	It may rain tomorrow!
might	polite permission	Might I suggest an idea?
	possibility, probability	I might go on holiday to Australia next year.
need not	lack of necessity/absence of obligation	I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge.
should/ought to	50 % obligation	I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.
	advice	You should / ought to revise your lessons
	logical conclusion	He should / ought to be very tired. He's been working all day long.
had better	advice	You 'd better revise your lessons

Remember

Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the bare infinitive.

Examples:

• You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
• You should see to the doctor.
• There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.

Modals in the present and past

Generally speaking modals in the past have the following form:

• modal + have + past participle

Example:

• Present:
  You should see a doctor.
• Past:
  You should have seen a doctor

Except for modals that express obligation,ability and lack of necessity:

• Obligation:
  Present = I must / have to work hard. -- Past = I had to work hard.
• Ability:
  Present = I can run fast. -- Past = I could run fast when I was young.
• Lack of necessity:
  Present = You don't have to / needn't take your umbrella. -- Past = You didn't have to / didn't need to take your umbrella.

	Modals in the Present	Modals in the Past
Obligation	You must / have to stop when the traffic lights are red.	You had to stop.
Advice	You should see a doctor.	You should have seen a doctor
Prohibition	You mustn't smoke here.	You mustn't have smoked there.
Ability	I can run fast.	I could run fast. now I am old.
Certainty	He has a Rolls Royce. He must be very rich. He can't be American. His English is terrible.	He must have been rich. He had a big house and an expensive car. He can't have written that poem. He was illiterate.
Permission	Can I go out?	She could drive her father's car when she was only 15.
Possibility	It may / can / could / might rain. It's cloudy.	I guess it may / can / could / might have been Lacy on the phone.
Lack of necessity	You don't have to / needn't buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge.	You didn't have to / didn't need to buy tomatoes.

What's the difference between must and have to?

Must and have to are modal verbs in English. 

Must

1. We use must to make a logical deduction based on evidence. It indicates that the speaker is certain about something:
Examples:

• It has rained all day, it must be very wet outside.
• The weather is fantastic in California. It must a lot fun to live there.

2. Must is also used to express a strong obligation.
Examples:

• Students must arrive in class on time.
• You must stop when the traffic lights are red.
• I must go to bed.

Have to

Like must, have to is used to express strong obligation, but when we use have to there is usually a sense of external obligation. Some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
Examples:

• I have to send an urgent email.
• I have to take this book back to the library.

Modals(explanation) (1) from hacersivil

Modals rewrite from hacersivil

Perfect modals-deduction-rewrite from hacersivil

Language Plus

income (n): money that sb. receives for their work, or from investments or business	salary (n): money that employees receive for doing their job, especially professional employees or people working in an office, usually paid every month.
hire (v): to employ sb. to do a particular job for you.	rent (v): to regularly pay money to the owner of smt. in order to have and use it for a long period of time.
position (n): employment for which one has been hired	job (n): the work sb. does in order to earn money; employment
knowledge (n): the information, understanding and skills that you gain through education or experience	experience (n): the knowledge and skill that you have gained through doing something for a period of time

Exercises

Modal Verbs Exercises

Present and Past Modals
Exercise on Modals

Module 4b

Functions: Expressing possibility and probability/ Asking for and giving information
Vocabulary:

Apart from that	argument	Bulletin board	By mistake
candidate	delete	Give a talk	Internship
Job fair	Match	Promote-Promotion	Registration

Phrases:

I bet...
I doubt it
It's hard to say...
It's probable that...
It's very (un)likely that..
My guess is...